Kemal Atatürk [1] (or additionally written as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] up until 1934, frequently described as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey, functioning as its very first President from 1923 up until his death in 1938. His humane dictatorship carried out sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories became referred to as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is regarded according to studies as one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk came to prominence for his function in securing the Ottoman Turkish triumph at the Fight of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Motion, which withstood mainland Turkey's partition amongst the triumphant Allied powers. Establishing a provisional government in the contemporary Turkish capital Ankara, he beat the forces sent out by the Allies, therefore emerging victorious from what was later described as the Turkish War of Self-reliance. He consequently proceeded to abolish the shabby Ottoman Empire and announced the structure of the Turkish Republic in its place.
As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk started a rigorous program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with the supreme objective of developing a contemporary, progressive and secular nation-state. He made primary education free and required, opening countless new schools all over the nation. He likewise introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, changing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish ladies received equal civil and political rights throughout Atatürk's presidency ahead of numerous Western countries. [8] In particular, females were provided ballot rights in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a couple of years later on, in 1934, full universal suffrage, earlier than a lot of other democracies on the planet.
His federal government performed a policy of Turkicisation, trying to produce a homogeneous and unified country. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were pressured to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and surnames of minorities needed to be altered to Turkish performances. The Turkish Parliament gave him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Dad of the Turks", in acknowledgment of the matematik sokağı role he played in constructing the modern Turkish Republic. [16] He passed away on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was succeeded as President by his veteran Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was bestowed a state funeral. His renowned mausoleum in Ankara, constructed and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his famous expression "Peace at House, Peace in the World".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year worldwide and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, describing him as "the leader of the very first battle given against manifest destiny and imperialism" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and resilient peace between the countries of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without difference". [19] [20] Atatürk is honored by many memorials and places named in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize.